GHIT Fund Global Health Innovative Technology Fund

Investment

Advancing Portfolio

DRUG DEVELOPMENT VACCINE DEVELOPMENT DIAGNOSTIC DEVELOPMENT
PORTFOLIO

Drug Development

MALARIA
  • 2014 Testing DSM265, a novel antimalarial acting through DHODH, in combination with OZ439 $1,290,883
  • 2016 Formulation Optimization Work on DSM265 $1,590,000
  • 2013 Development of ELQ300 as a long acting antimalarial $560,000
  • 2023 Combination of SJ733 with Tafenoquine as a Possible Radical Cure for P. vivax Malaria $8,071,824
  • 2023 Preclinical development of a novel mechanism-of-action antimalarial $1,120,000
  • 2016 Identification of pre-clinical candidate as an anti-malarial agent $1,761,309
  • 2019 Preclinical studies of potent Gwt1p inhibitor toward IND for antimalarial agent with novel mechanism of action $6,828,395
  • 2022 Irresistible series as anti-malarial agent $1,307,233
  • 2013 Screening Program $570
  • 2013 Screening Program $11,286
  • 2014 Design and Cost-effective de novo Synthesis of Aza-artemisinins $60,000
  • 2017 New Hit-to-Lead Activity for New Anti-Malaria drugs between MMV and Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma $445,500
  • 2023 Development of Enzyme Inhibitors as a SERCAP for relapsing malaria $3,342,388
  • 2019 Proteasome inhibitors as new potent antimalarials $526,140
  • 2015 E209 a tetraoxane based rapidly acting antimalarial – candidate selection $207,754
  • 2015 Screening Program $68,400
  • 2015 Screening Program $150,000
  • 2016 DSM421 Clinical Development up to phase IIa GO $7,499,823
  • 2016 New Hit-to-Lead Activity for New Anti-Malarias between MMV and Eisai $750,000
  • 2017 Screening Program $49,500
  • 2017 Screening Program $65,836
  • 2018 Preclinical development of a new class of Plasmodium DHODH inhibitor for the treatment of malaria $4,214,187
  • 2020 Hit-to-lead development of new antimalarial compounds from DDI library $1,167,443
  • 2019 Development of nucleoside sulfamates as novel antimalarials $1,016,129
  • 2019 Screening project between Takeda and MMV $41,963
  • 2019 Preclinical and Clinical Development of SJ733, a Novel PfATP4 Inhibitor for the Treatment of Severe Malaria $5,590,092
  • 2020 Optimisation of multistage inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum lysyl t-RNA synthetase for the treatment of malaria $3,538,739
  • 2020 Pioneering antisense oligonucleotides as long-acting malaria prophylactics $922,973
  • 2020 Screening Program $210,936
  • 2020 Screening Program $122,013
  • 2021 Identification and Validation of potential Plasmodium E3 Ligases for PROTAC Platform $838,588
  • 2021 Preclinical development of a monoclonal antibody to prevent P. falciparum malaria $5,386,617
  • 2021 Hit-to-Lead development of novel Astellas compounds with antimalarial activity $1,317,436
  • 2022 A Hit-to-Lead study of screening hits for novel antimalarial compounds $1,323,184
  • 2023 Evaluation and preparation for deployment of an Artemether-Lumefantrine-Amodiaquine Fixed-Dose Combination to counter antimalarial drug resistance in Plasmodium falciparum malaria $5,043,254
  • 2023 Fragment and structure-based hit generation platform for new malaria targets $699,623
  • 2023 Lead optimization and candidate selection of a novel long-acting injectable which targets malarial electron transport chain for malaria chemoprevention and prophylaxis. $3,320,744
  • 2024 Generation of an Early Lead for a Novel Long-Acting -Injectable Prophylaxis Anti-Malarial $1,498,164
  • 2013 Development of DSM265 as a long acting antimalarial compound $2,538,7962013 Development of DSM265 as a long acting antimalarial compound $2,538,7962014 Testing DSM265, a novel antimalarial acting through DHODH, in combination with OZ439 $1,290,8832014 Testing DSM265, a novel antimalarial acting through DHODH, in combination with OZ439 $1,290,883
  • 2015 Commercial formulation development of DSM265 $1,905,3412015 Commercial formulation development of DSM265 $1,905,3412016 Formulation Optimization Work on DSM265 $1,590,0002016 Formulation Optimization Work on DSM265 $1,590,000
  • 2013 Development of ELQ300 as a long acting antimalarial $560,0002013 Development of ELQ300 as a long acting antimalarial $560,000
  • 2014 Preclinical and clinical development of (+)-SJ000557733, a novel inhibitor of Plasmodium ATP4 $3,768,9222014 Preclinical and clinical development of (+)-SJ000557733, a novel inhibitor of Plasmodium ATP4 $3,768,9222016 Phase 2 Trial of SJ733, a Novel PfATP4 Inhibitor for Malaria $4,500,0012016 Phase 2 Trial of SJ733, a Novel PfATP4 Inhibitor for Malaria $4,500,0012023 Combination of SJ733 with Tafenoquine as a Possible Radical Cure for P. vivax Malaria $8,071,8242023 Combination of SJ733 with Tafenoquine as a Possible Radical Cure for P. vivax Malaria $8,071,824
  • 2014 Lead optimization of a novel mechanism-of-action antimalarial $2,997,5252014 Lead optimization of a novel mechanism-of-action antimalarial $2,997,5252016 Development of a novel mechanism-of-action antimalarial drug with multistage activity $1,999,9932016 Development of a novel mechanism-of-action antimalarial drug with multistage activity $1,999,9932018 Preclinical development of a novel mechanism-of-action antimalarial drug with multistage activity $5,368,2242018 Preclinical development of a novel mechanism-of-action antimalarial drug with multistage activity $5,368,2242020 Structured-based approach to develop a novel mechanism-of-action antimalarial with multistage activity $4,127,2362020 Structured-based approach to develop a novel mechanism-of-action antimalarial with multistage activity $4,127,2362023 Preclinical development of a novel mechanism-of-action antimalarial $1,120,0002023 Preclinical development of a novel mechanism-of-action antimalarial $1,120,000
  • 2013 Screening Program $241,3722013 Screening Program $241,3722014 Identification of lead compounds for anti-Malarial agent $636,9412014 Identification of lead compounds for anti-Malarial agent $636,9412016 Identification of pre-clinical candidate as an anti-malarial agent $1,761,3092016 Identification of pre-clinical candidate as an anti-malarial agent $1,761,309
  • 2013 Screening Program $104,2642013 Screening Program $104,2642015 Hit-to-Lead Discovery for New Anti-malarials in Collaboration between MMV and Eisai $779,7602015 Hit-to-Lead Discovery for New Anti-malarials in Collaboration between MMV and Eisai $779,7602017 Lead optimization of potent Gwt1p inhibitors toward a new antimalarial drug with a novel mechanism of action $2,639,6702017 Lead optimization of potent Gwt1p inhibitors toward a new antimalarial drug with a novel mechanism of action $2,639,6702019 Preclinical studies of potent Gwt1p inhibitor toward IND for antimalarial agent with novel mechanism of action $6,828,3952019 Preclinical studies of potent Gwt1p inhibitor toward IND for antimalarial agent with novel mechanism of action $6,828,395
  • 2013 Screening Program $73,9402013 Screening Program $73,9402015 Antimalarial hits from whole cell screening $764,0332015 Antimalarial hits from whole cell screening $764,0332016 New Hit-to-Lead Activity for New Anti-Malarias between MMV and Takeda $483,3602016 New Hit-to-Lead Activity for New Anti-Malarias between MMV and Takeda $483,3602018 New Hit-to-Lead Activity for New Anti-Malarials between MMV and Takeda $528,0002018 New Hit-to-Lead Activity for New Anti-Malarials between MMV and Takeda $528,0002020 Prolyl tRNA Synthetase Inhibitors for New Antimalarials $547,2682020 Prolyl tRNA Synthetase Inhibitors for New Antimalarials $547,2682022 Irresistible series as anti-malarial agent $1,307,2332022 Irresistible series as anti-malarial agent $1,307,233
  • 2013 Screening Program $5702013 Screening Program $570
  • 2013 Screening Program $11,2862013 Screening Program $11,286
  • 2014 Design and Cost-effective de novo Synthesis of Aza-artemisinins $60,0002014 Design and Cost-effective de novo Synthesis of Aza-artemisinins $60,000
  • 2014 Screening Program $137,8832014 Screening Program $137,8832017 New Hit-to-Lead Activity for New Anti-Malaria drugs between MMV and Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma $445,5002017 New Hit-to-Lead Activity for New Anti-Malaria drugs between MMV and Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma $445,500
  • 2014 Screening Program $186,4202014 Screening Program $186,4202016 Mitsubishi Tanabe malaria Hit-to-Lead $618,2222016 Mitsubishi Tanabe malaria Hit-to-Lead $618,2222018 Mitsubishi Tanabe Lead Optimization of Anti-Malarials $1,922,4752018 Mitsubishi Tanabe Lead Optimization of Anti-Malarials $1,922,4752023 Development of Enzyme Inhibitors as a SERCAP for relapsing malaria $3,342,3882023 Development of Enzyme Inhibitors as a SERCAP for relapsing malaria $3,342,388
  • 2015 Proteasome inhibitors as new potent resistance-­reversing antimalarials $297,1342015 Proteasome inhibitors as new potent resistance-­reversing antimalarials $297,1342017 HTL for selective Plasmodium proteasome inhibitors as new potent resistance-reversing antimalarials $461,2462017 HTL for selective Plasmodium proteasome inhibitors as new potent resistance-reversing antimalarials $461,2462019 Proteasome inhibitors as new potent antimalarials $526,1402019 Proteasome inhibitors as new potent antimalarials $526,140
  • 2015 E209 a tetraoxane based rapidly acting antimalarial – candidate selection $207,7542015 E209 a tetraoxane based rapidly acting antimalarial – candidate selection $207,754
  • 2015 Screening Program $68,4002015 Screening Program $68,400
  • 2015 Screening Program $150,0002015 Screening Program $150,000
  • 2016 DSM421 Clinical Development up to phase IIa GO $7,499,8232016 DSM421 Clinical Development up to phase IIa GO $7,499,823
  • 2016 New Hit-to-Lead Activity for New Anti-Malarias between MMV and Eisai $750,0002016 New Hit-to-Lead Activity for New Anti-Malarias between MMV and Eisai $750,000
  • 2017 Screening Program $49,5002017 Screening Program $49,500
  • 2017 Screening Program $65,8362017 Screening Program $65,836
  • 2018 Preclinical development of a new class of Plasmodium DHODH inhibitor for the treatment of malaria $4,214,1872018 Preclinical development of a new class of Plasmodium DHODH inhibitor for the treatment of malaria $4,214,187
  • 2018 Screening Program $150,0002018 Screening Program $150,0002020 Hit-to-lead development of new antimalarial compounds from DDI library $1,167,4432020 Hit-to-lead development of new antimalarial compounds from DDI library $1,167,443
  • 2019 Development of nucleoside sulfamates as novel antimalarials $1,016,1292019 Development of nucleoside sulfamates as novel antimalarials $1,016,129
  • 2019 Screening project between Takeda and MMV $41,9632019 Screening project between Takeda and MMV $41,963
  • 2019 Preclinical and Clinical Development of SJ733, a Novel PfATP4 Inhibitor for the Treatment of Severe Malaria $5,590,0922019 Preclinical and Clinical Development of SJ733, a Novel PfATP4 Inhibitor for the Treatment of Severe Malaria $5,590,092
  • 2020 Optimisation of multistage inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum lysyl t-RNA synthetase for the treatment of malaria $3,538,7392020 Optimisation of multistage inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum lysyl t-RNA synthetase for the treatment of malaria $3,538,739
  • 2020 Pioneering antisense oligonucleotides as long-acting malaria prophylactics $922,9732020 Pioneering antisense oligonucleotides as long-acting malaria prophylactics $922,973
  • 2020 Screening Program $210,9362020 Screening Program $210,936
  • 2020 Screening Program $122,0132020 Screening Program $122,013
  • 2021 Identification and Validation of potential Plasmodium E3 Ligases for PROTAC Platform $838,5882021 Identification and Validation of potential Plasmodium E3 Ligases for PROTAC Platform $838,588
  • 2021 Preclinical development of a monoclonal antibody to prevent P. falciparum malaria $5,386,6172021 Preclinical development of a monoclonal antibody to prevent P. falciparum malaria $5,386,617
  • 2021 Hit-to-Lead development of novel Astellas compounds with antimalarial activity $1,317,4362021 Hit-to-Lead development of novel Astellas compounds with antimalarial activity $1,317,436
  • 2022 A Hit-to-Lead study of screening hits for novel antimalarial compounds $1,323,1842022 A Hit-to-Lead study of screening hits for novel antimalarial compounds $1,323,184
  • 2023 Evaluation and preparation for deployment of an Artemether-Lumefantrine-Amodiaquine Fixed-Dose Combination to counter antimalarial drug resistance in Plasmodium falciparum malaria $5,043,2542023 Evaluation and preparation for deployment of an Artemether-Lumefantrine-Amodiaquine Fixed-Dose Combination to counter antimalarial drug resistance in Plasmodium falciparum malaria $5,043,254
  • 2023 Fragment and structure-based hit generation platform for new malaria targets $699,6232023 Fragment and structure-based hit generation platform for new malaria targets $699,623
  • 2023 Lead optimization and candidate selection of a novel long-acting injectable which targets malarial electron transport chain for malaria chemoprevention and prophylaxis. $3,320,7442023 Lead optimization and candidate selection of a novel long-acting injectable which targets malarial electron transport chain for malaria chemoprevention and prophylaxis. $3,320,744
  • 2024 Generation of an Early Lead for a Novel Long-Acting -Injectable Prophylaxis Anti-Malarial $1,498,1642024 Generation of an Early Lead for a Novel Long-Acting -Injectable Prophylaxis Anti-Malarial $1,498,164
TUBERCULOSIS
  • 2015 Identification of lead compounds as novel anti‐TB agents $908,231
  • 2015 Hit-to-Lead Development of anti-TB Phenotypic Screening Hits $999,720
  • 2019 Hit-to-Lead Development of Phenotypic and Mechanism-based Screen Hits $1,112,059
  • 2014 Screening Program $150,000
  • 2018 Hit-to-Lead Development of Novel anti-TB Natural Products $1,192,440
  • 2015 Screening Program $132,000
  • 2015 Screening Program $79,200
  • 2019 Hit-to-Lead Development of Phenotypic Screening Hits $953,160
  • 2015 Screening Program $150,000
  • 2016 Host-directed drug targeting against tuberculosis $204,990
  • 2017 Lead optimization of novel azetidine-based tryptophan synthase inhibitors as new mechanism of action treatment of tuberculosis $2,003,324
  • 2020 Hit-to-Lead Development of Hits Identified in the Phenotypic Screening against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) $801,364
  • 2018 Screening Program $110,000
  • 2020 Identification of novel dual-acting bactericidal drug targets against Mycobacterium tuberculosis $974,620
  • 2020 Screening Program $118,301
  • 2022 Screening project between Daiichi Sankyo RD Novare and TB Alliance $152,971
  • 2013 Screening Program $135,3002013 Screening Program $135,3002015 Identification of lead compounds as novel anti‐TB agents $908,2312015 Identification of lead compounds as novel anti‐TB agents $908,231
  • 2013 Screening Program $105,4502013 Screening Program $105,4502015 Hit-to-Lead Development of anti-TB Phenotypic Screening Hits $999,7202015 Hit-to-Lead Development of anti-TB Phenotypic Screening Hits $999,720
  • 2013 Screening Program $55,5502013 Screening Program $55,5502015 Development of Phenotypic Screening Hits against Mycobacterium tuberculosis $792,1652015 Development of Phenotypic Screening Hits against Mycobacterium tuberculosis $792,1652019 Hit-to-Lead Development of Phenotypic and Mechanism-based Screen Hits $1,112,0592019 Hit-to-Lead Development of Phenotypic and Mechanism-based Screen Hits $1,112,059
  • 2014 Screening Program $150,0002014 Screening Program $150,000
  • 2014 Screening Program $150,0002014 Screening Program $150,0002018 Hit-to-Lead Development of Novel anti-TB Natural Products $1,192,4402018 Hit-to-Lead Development of Novel anti-TB Natural Products $1,192,440
  • 2015 Screening Program $132,0002015 Screening Program $132,000
  • 2015 Screening Program $79,2002015 Screening Program $79,200
  • 2015 Screening Program $150,0002015 Screening Program $150,0002019 Hit-to-Lead Development of Phenotypic Screening Hits $953,1602019 Hit-to-Lead Development of Phenotypic Screening Hits $953,160
  • 2015 Screening Program $150,0002015 Screening Program $150,000
  • 2016 Host-directed drug targeting against tuberculosis $204,9902016 Host-directed drug targeting against tuberculosis $204,990
  • 2017 Lead optimization of novel azetidine-based tryptophan synthase inhibitors as new mechanism of action treatment of tuberculosis $2,003,3242017 Lead optimization of novel azetidine-based tryptophan synthase inhibitors as new mechanism of action treatment of tuberculosis $2,003,324
  • 2017 Screening Program $99,9862017 Screening Program $99,9862020 Hit-to-Lead Development of Hits Identified in the Phenotypic Screening against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) $801,3642020 Hit-to-Lead Development of Hits Identified in the Phenotypic Screening against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) $801,364
  • 2018 Screening Program $110,0002018 Screening Program $110,000
  • 2020 Identification of novel dual-acting bactericidal drug targets against Mycobacterium tuberculosis $974,6202020 Identification of novel dual-acting bactericidal drug targets against Mycobacterium tuberculosis $974,620
  • 2020 Screening Program $118,3012020 Screening Program $118,301
  • 2022 Screening project between Daiichi Sankyo RD Novare and TB Alliance $152,9712022 Screening project between Daiichi Sankyo RD Novare and TB Alliance $152,971
NTDs
  • 2013 Optimization of Diversity-Oriented Synthesis (DOS)-derived trypanocidal small molecule ML341 towards investigational new drug status for Chagas disease $500,000
  • 2013 A new treatment for Chagas disease $3,840,893
  • 2020 Adoption of Levo-Praziquantel 150mg for schistosomiasis by endemic countries $2,622,543
  • 2022 Phase II Clinical Development of AWZ1066S, a Small Molecule anti-Wolbachia Candidate Macrofilaricide Drug $7,960,044
  • 2013 Screening Program $75,582
  • 2013 Screening Program $75,582
  • 2013 Screening Program $7,558
  • 2013 Screening Program $0
  • 2017 Preclinical development and phase I activities on a selected aminopyrazole compound for visceral leishmaniasis $6,047,757
  • 2017 Neglected Tropical Diseases Drug Discovery Booster III $1,498,329
  • 2020 Cry5B optimization for Trichuris - whipworm $923,021
  • 2020 Clinical development of CpG-D35 for combined treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis $6,923,997
  • 2019 Lead optimization of a candidate series active against Chagas Disease $4,318,566
  • 2015 Screening Program $31,000
  • 2018 Preclinical development of an anti-Dengue virus antibody that neutralizes all four serotypes $4,892,738
  • 2016 Targeting bromodomains for novel anti-parasitic mechanisms of action for malaria, Chagas disease, leishmaniasis and cryptosporidiosis $982,436
  • 2022 Fosravuconazole treatment in eumycetoma: corroborating study outcomes, preparing for access $2,964,667
  • 2021 Autophagy as a novel drug-development target for Chagas disease $989,201
  • 2020 Screening Program $80,000
  • 2023 Lead Optimization of a novel chemical series for Chagas disease $2,945,325
  • 2020 Target validation and AI-guided identification of Trypanosoma cruzi phosphodiesterase inhibitors for the treatment of Chagas disease $710,078
  • 2020 Lead optimization and preclinical candidate selection from the NTD Drug Discovery Booster series S07 for visceral leishmaniasis $2,257,443
  • 2020 Preclinical development of DNDI-6174, a drug candidate for leishmaniasis $6,122,938
  • 2020 Screening Program $168,760
  • 2021 Screening project between Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd. and DNDi $89,947
  • 2021 Screening project between Daiichi Sankyo Company Limited and DNDi $109,763
  • 2022 Preclinical development of DNDI-6166 (or CC1076166) a selective macrofilaricide for the treatment of river blindness $300,000
  • 2023 HTS for discovery of new drugs for Chagas disease $160,895
  • 2023 Pre-clinical development of the macrofilaricide corallopyronin A (CorA) to treat onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis. $9,040,175
  • 2013 Optimization of Diversity-Oriented Synthesis (DOS)-derived trypanocidal small molecule ML341 towards investigational new drug status for Chagas disease $500,0002013 Optimization of Diversity-Oriented Synthesis (DOS)-derived trypanocidal small molecule ML341 towards investigational new drug status for Chagas disease $500,000
  • 2013 A new treatment for Chagas disease $3,840,8932013 A new treatment for Chagas disease $3,840,893
  • 2013 Development and registration of a new praziquantel pediatric formulation for the treatment of schistosomiasis $1,864,8992013 Development and registration of a new praziquantel pediatric formulation for the treatment of schistosomiasis $1,864,8992014 Development and registration of a new praziquantel pediatric formulation for the treatment of schistosomiasis $4,856,5132014 Development and registration of a new praziquantel pediatric formulation for the treatment of schistosomiasis $4,856,5132016 Development and registration of a new pediatric praziquantel formulation for the treatment of schistosomiasis in preschool-aged children $4,679,6992016 Development and registration of a new pediatric praziquantel formulation for the treatment of schistosomiasis in preschool-aged children $4,679,6992018 Treating schistosomiasis in preschool-aged children: development, registration and access to L-praziquantel orally disintegrating tablet formulation $4,523,2962018 Treating schistosomiasis in preschool-aged children: development, registration and access to L-praziquantel orally disintegrating tablet formulation $4,523,2962020 Adoption of Levo-Praziquantel 150mg for schistosomiasis by endemic countries $2,622,5432020 Adoption of Levo-Praziquantel 150mg for schistosomiasis by endemic countries $2,622,543
  • 2013 Anti-Wolbachia targeted macrofilaricidal drug discovery-lead optimization of lead series chemotypes to deliver novel pre-clinical candidates $1,093,1672013 Anti-Wolbachia targeted macrofilaricidal drug discovery-lead optimization of lead series chemotypes to deliver novel pre-clinical candidates $1,093,1672019 Development of AWZ1066S, A Small Molecule anti-Wolbachia Candidate Macrofilaricide Drug $4,335,8132019 Development of AWZ1066S, A Small Molecule anti-Wolbachia Candidate Macrofilaricide Drug $4,335,8132022 Phase II Clinical Development of AWZ1066S, a Small Molecule anti-Wolbachia Candidate Macrofilaricide Drug $7,960,0442022 Phase II Clinical Development of AWZ1066S, a Small Molecule anti-Wolbachia Candidate Macrofilaricide Drug $7,960,044
  • 2013 Screening Program $75,5822013 Screening Program $75,582
  • 2013 Screening Program $75,5822013 Screening Program $75,582
  • 2013 Screening Program $7,5582013 Screening Program $7,558
  • 2013 Screening Program $02013 Screening Program $0
  • 2014 Lead optimization of the aminopyrazole series for visceral leishmaniasis $4,022,5532014 Lead optimization of the aminopyrazole series for visceral leishmaniasis $4,022,5532017 Preclinical development and phase I activities on a selected aminopyrazole compound for visceral leishmaniasis $6,047,7572017 Preclinical development and phase I activities on a selected aminopyrazole compound for visceral leishmaniasis $6,047,757
  • 2014 Neglected Tropical Diseases Drug Discovery Booster $795,4382014 Neglected Tropical Diseases Drug Discovery Booster $795,4382016 Neglected Tropical Diseases Drug Discovery Booster II $549,4472016 Neglected Tropical Diseases Drug Discovery Booster II $549,4472017 Neglected Tropical Diseases Drug Discovery Booster III $1,498,3292017 Neglected Tropical Diseases Drug Discovery Booster III $1,498,329
  • 2015 Cry5B consortium for soil-transmitted helminths $1,002,9962015 Cry5B consortium for soil-transmitted helminths $1,002,9962020 Cry5B optimization for Trichuris - whipworm $923,0212020 Cry5B optimization for Trichuris - whipworm $923,021
  • 2015 Preclinical efficacy of CpG D35 combination therapy for treatment of complicated cutaneous leishmaniasis $687,7162015 Preclinical efficacy of CpG D35 combination therapy for treatment of complicated cutaneous leishmaniasis $687,7162016 Preclinical development of CpG D35 for combined treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis $4,918,6722016 Preclinical development of CpG D35 for combined treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis $4,918,6722020 Clinical development of CpG-D35 for combined treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis $6,923,9972020 Clinical development of CpG-D35 for combined treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis $6,923,997
  • 2015 Screening Program $210,0502015 Screening Program $210,0502016 Identification of lead compounds for Leishmania donovani and/or Trypanosoma cruzi $780,0002016 Identification of lead compounds for Leishmania donovani and/or Trypanosoma cruzi $780,0002019 Lead optimization of a candidate series active against Chagas Disease $4,318,5662019 Lead optimization of a candidate series active against Chagas Disease $4,318,566
  • 2015 Screening Program $31,0002015 Screening Program $31,000
  • 2016 Preclinical development of an anti-Dengue virus antibody that neutralizes all four serotypes $5,348,8942016 Preclinical development of an anti-Dengue virus antibody that neutralizes all four serotypes $5,348,8942018 Preclinical development of an anti-Dengue virus antibody that neutralizes all four serotypes $4,892,7382018 Preclinical development of an anti-Dengue virus antibody that neutralizes all four serotypes $4,892,738
  • 2016 Targeting bromodomains for novel anti-parasitic mechanisms of action for malaria, Chagas disease, leishmaniasis and cryptosporidiosis $982,4362016 Targeting bromodomains for novel anti-parasitic mechanisms of action for malaria, Chagas disease, leishmaniasis and cryptosporidiosis $982,436
  • 2017 Mycetoma Treatment, Fosravuconazole Clinical Trial $2,526,2172017 Mycetoma Treatment, Fosravuconazole Clinical Trial $2,526,2172022 Fosravuconazole treatment in eumycetoma: corroborating study outcomes, preparing for access $2,964,6672022 Fosravuconazole treatment in eumycetoma: corroborating study outcomes, preparing for access $2,964,667
  • 2017 Target determination and exploratory research for discovery of new drugs against Chagas disease. $882,3502017 Target determination and exploratory research for discovery of new drugs against Chagas disease. $882,3502021 Autophagy as a novel drug-development target for Chagas disease $989,2012021 Autophagy as a novel drug-development target for Chagas disease $989,201
  • 2017 Chagas disease and Leishmaniasis Screening between DNDi and Daiichi Sankyo Novare $119,0002017 Chagas disease and Leishmaniasis Screening between DNDi and Daiichi Sankyo Novare $119,0002020 Screening Program $80,0002020 Screening Program $80,000
  • 2019 Screening project between Mitsubishi Tanabe and DNDi $150,0002019 Screening project between Mitsubishi Tanabe and DNDi $150,0002020 Hit-To-Lead development for Neglected Tropical Diseases $1,170,6642020 Hit-To-Lead development for Neglected Tropical Diseases $1,170,6642023 Lead Optimization of a novel chemical series for Chagas disease $2,945,3252023 Lead Optimization of a novel chemical series for Chagas disease $2,945,325
  • 2020 Target validation and AI-guided identification of Trypanosoma cruzi phosphodiesterase inhibitors for the treatment of Chagas disease $710,0782020 Target validation and AI-guided identification of Trypanosoma cruzi phosphodiesterase inhibitors for the treatment of Chagas disease $710,078
  • 2020 Lead optimization and preclinical candidate selection from the NTD Drug Discovery Booster series S07 for visceral leishmaniasis $2,257,4432020 Lead optimization and preclinical candidate selection from the NTD Drug Discovery Booster series S07 for visceral leishmaniasis $2,257,443
  • 2020 Preclinical development of DNDI-6174, a drug candidate for leishmaniasis $6,122,9382020 Preclinical development of DNDI-6174, a drug candidate for leishmaniasis $6,122,938
  • 2020 Screening Program $168,7602020 Screening Program $168,760
  • 2021 Screening project between Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd. and DNDi $89,9472021 Screening project between Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd. and DNDi $89,947
  • 2021 Screening project between Daiichi Sankyo Company Limited and DNDi $109,7632021 Screening project between Daiichi Sankyo Company Limited and DNDi $109,763
  • 2022 Preclinical development of DNDI-6166 (or CC1076166) a selective macrofilaricide for the treatment of river blindness $300,0002022 Preclinical development of DNDI-6166 (or CC1076166) a selective macrofilaricide for the treatment of river blindness $300,000
  • 2023 HTS for discovery of new drugs for Chagas disease $160,8952023 HTS for discovery of new drugs for Chagas disease $160,895
  • 2023 Pre-clinical development of the macrofilaricide corallopyronin A (CorA) to treat onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis. $9,040,1752023 Pre-clinical development of the macrofilaricide corallopyronin A (CorA) to treat onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis. $9,040,175

Vaccine Development

MALARIA
  • 2013 Clinical Development of BK-SE36/CpG Malaria Vaccine $714,500
  • 2013 Accelerating Development of Vaccines for Malaria Elimination Using a Novel Clinical Target Validation Approach $591,397
  • 2014 Accelerating Development of Transmission-Blocking Vaccines for Malaria Elimination Using a Novel Vaccine Candidate $766,099
  • 2019 Preparatory phase II for the malaria vaccine candidate NPC-SE36/CpG $1,870,777
  • 2020 First-In-Human Trial of the Pan-Malaria Transmission-Blocking Vaccine AnAPN1 $6,486,224
  • 2019 Preclinical development of malaria transmission-blocking vaccine candidate Pfs230D1+ formulated with SA-1 adjuvant $5,007,284
  • 2017 Identification of Vaccine Targets that Will Block the Interaction of Plasmodium falciparum Malaria Parasites with a Complement Regulator $881,900
  • 2023 Towards the clinical development of the new asexual blood-stage malaria vaccine candidate PfRipr5 (PfRipr5-PD) $5,729,515
  • 2019 Co-delivery of Pfs230C1 and CSP with CoPoP, a versatile, potent liposomal adjuvant system for multistage malaria vaccine $972,951
  • 2019 Made-in-Japan next-generation vaccine platform effective for multistage Plasmodium for infants $526,900
  • 2019 Development of a novel Pvs25 nucleoside-modified mRNA vaccine that induces potent and long-lasting transmission blocking immunity $960,772
  • 2020 Evaluation of a malaria vaccine candidate comprised of full-length recombinant CSP formulated with SA-1 adjuvant, using RTS,S/AS01 as a benchmark $999,733
  • 2021 Clinical development of placental malaria vaccine candidates $4,692,924
  • 2021 Development of a Plasmodium vivax multistage vaccine effective both for protection and transmission blocking $698,170
  • 2022 Development of a potent Pvs230 mRNA vaccine to block transmission of P. vivax $699,652
  • 2013 Clinical Development of BK-SE36/CpG Malaria Vaccine $714,5002013 Clinical Development of BK-SE36/CpG Malaria Vaccine $714,500
  • 2013 Accelerating Development of Vaccines for Malaria Elimination Using a Novel Clinical Target Validation Approach $591,3972013 Accelerating Development of Vaccines for Malaria Elimination Using a Novel Clinical Target Validation Approach $591,397
  • 2014 Accelerating Development of Transmission-Blocking Vaccines for Malaria Elimination Using a Novel Vaccine Candidate $766,0992014 Accelerating Development of Transmission-Blocking Vaccines for Malaria Elimination Using a Novel Vaccine Candidate $766,099
  • 2014 Clinical development of the BK-SE36 malaria vaccine candidate $1,000,0002014 Clinical development of the BK-SE36 malaria vaccine candidate $1,000,0002016 Clinical Development of BK-SE36/CpG Malaria Vaccine: safety evaluation of BK-SE36/CpG in the malaria endemic population $2,781,5892016 Clinical Development of BK-SE36/CpG Malaria Vaccine: safety evaluation of BK-SE36/CpG in the malaria endemic population $2,781,5892019 Preparatory phase II for the malaria vaccine candidate NPC-SE36/CpG $1,870,7772019 Preparatory phase II for the malaria vaccine candidate NPC-SE36/CpG $1,870,777
  • 2015 Lead optimization of an evolution-proof malaria transmission-blocking vaccine immunogen that is based on a mosquito protein target and effective against both P.falciparum and P. vivax $419,2862015 Lead optimization of an evolution-proof malaria transmission-blocking vaccine immunogen that is based on a mosquito protein target and effective against both P.falciparum and P. vivax $419,2862017 Process Development and Clinical Manufacturing of an Immuno-focused, Mosquito-based Pan-malaria transmission-blocking vaccine: AnAPN1 v. 2.0 $3,484,2182017 Process Development and Clinical Manufacturing of an Immuno-focused, Mosquito-based Pan-malaria transmission-blocking vaccine: AnAPN1 v. 2.0 $3,484,2182020 First-In-Human Trial of the Pan-Malaria Transmission-Blocking Vaccine AnAPN1 $6,486,2242020 First-In-Human Trial of the Pan-Malaria Transmission-Blocking Vaccine AnAPN1 $6,486,224
  • 2016 A Vaccine to Block Malaria Transmission: Pfs230 Antigen Design and Display $595,6502016 A Vaccine to Block Malaria Transmission: Pfs230 Antigen Design and Display $595,6502019 Preclinical development of malaria transmission-blocking vaccine candidate Pfs230D1+ formulated with SA-1 adjuvant $5,007,2842019 Preclinical development of malaria transmission-blocking vaccine candidate Pfs230D1+ formulated with SA-1 adjuvant $5,007,284
  • 2017 Identification of Vaccine Targets that Will Block the Interaction of Plasmodium falciparum Malaria Parasites with a Complement Regulator $881,9002017 Identification of Vaccine Targets that Will Block the Interaction of Plasmodium falciparum Malaria Parasites with a Complement Regulator $881,900
  • 2018 Further development of a new asexual blood-stage malaria vaccine candidate $930,5712018 Further development of a new asexual blood-stage malaria vaccine candidate $930,5712023 Towards the clinical development of the new asexual blood-stage malaria vaccine candidate PfRipr5 (PfRipr5-PD) $5,729,5152023 Towards the clinical development of the new asexual blood-stage malaria vaccine candidate PfRipr5 (PfRipr5-PD) $5,729,515
  • 2019 Co-delivery of Pfs230C1 and CSP with CoPoP, a versatile, potent liposomal adjuvant system for multistage malaria vaccine $972,9512019 Co-delivery of Pfs230C1 and CSP with CoPoP, a versatile, potent liposomal adjuvant system for multistage malaria vaccine $972,951
  • 2019 Made-in-Japan next-generation vaccine platform effective for multistage Plasmodium for infants $526,9002019 Made-in-Japan next-generation vaccine platform effective for multistage Plasmodium for infants $526,900
  • 2019 Development of a novel Pvs25 nucleoside-modified mRNA vaccine that induces potent and long-lasting transmission blocking immunity $960,7722019 Development of a novel Pvs25 nucleoside-modified mRNA vaccine that induces potent and long-lasting transmission blocking immunity $960,772
  • 2020 Evaluation of a malaria vaccine candidate comprised of full-length recombinant CSP formulated with SA-1 adjuvant, using RTS,S/AS01 as a benchmark $999,7332020 Evaluation of a malaria vaccine candidate comprised of full-length recombinant CSP formulated with SA-1 adjuvant, using RTS,S/AS01 as a benchmark $999,733
  • 2021 Clinical development of placental malaria vaccine candidates $4,692,9242021 Clinical development of placental malaria vaccine candidates $4,692,924
  • 2021 Development of a Plasmodium vivax multistage vaccine effective both for protection and transmission blocking $698,1702021 Development of a Plasmodium vivax multistage vaccine effective both for protection and transmission blocking $698,170
  • 2022 Development of a potent Pvs230 mRNA vaccine to block transmission of P. vivax $699,6522022 Development of a potent Pvs230 mRNA vaccine to block transmission of P. vivax $699,652
TUBERCULOSIS
  • 2013 Development of rhPIV2 as a Potential New TB Vaccine Candidate $5,649,620
  • 2015 DAR-901 whole cell booster vaccine to prevent TB infection in adolescents (“DAR-PIA”) $1,423,590
  • 2016 Development of a new mucosal vaccine for Tuberculosis using antibody engineering $373,562
  • 2013 Development of recombinant hPIV2 virus vector as a new TB vaccine $700,0002013 Development of recombinant hPIV2 virus vector as a new TB vaccine $700,0002013 Development of rhPIV2 as a Potential New TB Vaccine Candidate $5,649,6202013 Development of rhPIV2 as a Potential New TB Vaccine Candidate $5,649,620
  • 2015 DAR-901 whole cell booster vaccine to prevent TB infection in adolescents (“DAR-PIA”) $1,423,5902015 DAR-901 whole cell booster vaccine to prevent TB infection in adolescents (“DAR-PIA”) $1,423,590
  • 2016 Development of a new mucosal vaccine for Tuberculosis using antibody engineering $373,5622016 Development of a new mucosal vaccine for Tuberculosis using antibody engineering $373,562
NTDs
  • 2014 Development of a Live Attenuated Tetravalent Dengue Vaccine $3,450,277
  • 2014 Adjuvant Technologies to Advance Chagas Disease Vaccine Development $2,000,000
  • 2018 Live attenuated prophylactic vaccine for leishmaniasis $3,998,990
  • 2015 Preclinical development of MVDVax, a new dengue vaccine $612,902
  • 2018 The development and production of cGMP lots of a novel tetravalent dengue virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine $4,422,091
  • 2016 Preclinical and preparation of early clinical testing of a new vaccine candidate against cutaneous leishmaniasis $4,096,664
  • 2018 Immune therapy to prevent VL complications $558,316
  • 2019 Optimization and pre-clinical development of a Trypanosoma cruzi Cyp19 knock-out strain as a live vaccine for Chagas disease. $1,097,928
  • 2023 Stronger Together: Engagement of people affected by leprosy in the LepVax Clinical Trial $1,503,796
  • 2014 Development of a Live Attenuated Tetravalent Dengue Vaccine $3,450,2772014 Development of a Live Attenuated Tetravalent Dengue Vaccine $3,450,277
  • 2014 Adjuvant Technologies to Advance Chagas Disease Vaccine Development $2,000,0002014 Adjuvant Technologies to Advance Chagas Disease Vaccine Development $2,000,000
  • 2015 Live attenuated prophylactic vaccine for leishmaniasis $1,832,9672015 Live attenuated prophylactic vaccine for leishmaniasis $1,832,9672018 Live attenuated prophylactic vaccine for leishmaniasis $3,998,9902018 Live attenuated prophylactic vaccine for leishmaniasis $3,998,990
  • 2015 Preclinical development of MVDVax, a new dengue vaccine $612,9022015 Preclinical development of MVDVax, a new dengue vaccine $612,902
  • 2016 Development of novel dengue virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines against all four serotypes $986,5402016 Development of novel dengue virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines against all four serotypes $986,5402018 The development and production of cGMP lots of a novel tetravalent dengue virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine $4,422,0912018 The development and production of cGMP lots of a novel tetravalent dengue virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine $4,422,091
  • 2016 Preclinical and preparation of early clinical testing of a new vaccine candidate against cutaneous leishmaniasis $4,096,6642016 Preclinical and preparation of early clinical testing of a new vaccine candidate against cutaneous leishmaniasis $4,096,664
  • 2018 Immune therapy to prevent VL complications $558,3162018 Immune therapy to prevent VL complications $558,316
  • 2019 Optimization and pre-clinical development of a Trypanosoma cruzi Cyp19 knock-out strain as a live vaccine for Chagas disease. $1,097,9282019 Optimization and pre-clinical development of a Trypanosoma cruzi Cyp19 knock-out strain as a live vaccine for Chagas disease. $1,097,928
  • 2023 Stronger Together: Engagement of people affected by leprosy in the LepVax Clinical Trial $1,503,7962023 Stronger Together: Engagement of people affected by leprosy in the LepVax Clinical Trial $1,503,796

Diagnostic Development

MALARIA
  • 2015 Development of serological biomarkers as indicators of recent and asymptomatic infections for innovative tools to accelerate malaria elimination $993,031
  • 2015 Development of a fully automated malaria diagnostic system and field evaluation for practical use $964,500
  • 2020 Towards the rapid diagnosis of malaria hypnozoite infection: feasibility studies $999,810
  • 2019 Commercial Development of a Saliva-based Malaria Asymptomatic and Asexual Rapid Test (SMAART-1) $1,382,697
  • 2015 Development of serological biomarkers as indicators of recent and asymptomatic infections for innovative tools to accelerate malaria elimination $993,0312015 Development of serological biomarkers as indicators of recent and asymptomatic infections for innovative tools to accelerate malaria elimination $993,031
  • 2015 Development of a fully automated malaria diagnostic system and field evaluation for practical use $964,5002015 Development of a fully automated malaria diagnostic system and field evaluation for practical use $964,500
  • 2017 Towards rapid diagnosis of Plasmodium vivax malaria hypnozoite infection $728,8312017 Towards rapid diagnosis of Plasmodium vivax malaria hypnozoite infection $728,8312020 Towards the rapid diagnosis of malaria hypnozoite infection: feasibility studies $999,8102020 Towards the rapid diagnosis of malaria hypnozoite infection: feasibility studies $999,810
  • 2019 Commercial Development of a Saliva-based Malaria Asymptomatic and Asexual Rapid Test (SMAART-1) $1,382,6972019 Commercial Development of a Saliva-based Malaria Asymptomatic and Asexual Rapid Test (SMAART-1) $1,382,697
TUBERCULOSIS
  • 2017 Fujifilm SILVAMP TB LAM – A Sensitive point-of-care Tuberculosis Test $4,217,169
  • 2020 Product Development of LFA platform for improving sensitivity of Point-of-Care assays for infectious disease with main focus on Tuberculosis $2,266,257
  • 2021 Viability & Value of the Lung Flute ECO for Sputum Sample Collection and Tuberculosis Testing in Vulnerable Groups (3V Trial) $833,738
  • 2015 Highly Sensitive POC TB-LAM Rapid Diagnostic Test $2,160,5782015 Highly Sensitive POC TB-LAM Rapid Diagnostic Test $2,160,5782017 Fujifilm SILVAMP TB LAM – A Sensitive point-of-care Tuberculosis Test $4,217,1692017 Fujifilm SILVAMP TB LAM – A Sensitive point-of-care Tuberculosis Test $4,217,169
  • 2018 Development of LFA platform for improving sensitivity of Point-of-Care assays for infectious disease with main focus on Tuberculosis and Malaria. $1,000,0002018 Development of LFA platform for improving sensitivity of Point-of-Care assays for infectious disease with main focus on Tuberculosis and Malaria. $1,000,0002020 Product Development of LFA platform for improving sensitivity of Point-of-Care assays for infectious disease with main focus on Tuberculosis $2,266,2572020 Product Development of LFA platform for improving sensitivity of Point-of-Care assays for infectious disease with main focus on Tuberculosis $2,266,257
  • 2021 Viability & Value of the Lung Flute ECO for Sputum Sample Collection and Tuberculosis Testing in Vulnerable Groups (3V Trial) $833,7382021 Viability & Value of the Lung Flute ECO for Sputum Sample Collection and Tuberculosis Testing in Vulnerable Groups (3V Trial) $833,738
NTDs
  • 2014 Development of a sensitive and specific point-of-care diagnostics for Asian zoonotic schistosomiasis $779,036
  • 2017 Novel diagnostics for schistosomiasis control: development of defined antigens for detection of Schistosoma infection-specific antibodies in blood and urine $763,890
  • 2019 MycEXomics aims to develop a field-friendly point-of-care diagnostic test for mycetoma $285,938
  • 2019 Production, validation and use of Leishmanin skin test (LST) for detection of Leishmania exposure and immunity $2,257,700
  • 2020 A schistosomiasis rapid diagnostic test to support control programmes in monitoring treatment impact and reassessment mapping $3,733,974
  • 2020 Development of ‘all-in-one’ diagnostic kit for Buruli ulcer using lateral flow DNA-chromatography $895,584
  • 2020 A Buruli ulcer mycolactone (BU-MYCOLAC) rapid diagnostic test to enhance early diagnosis and treatment $1,836,108
  • 2020 Field validation of Trypanosoma cruzi-LAMP: a molecular point-of-care test for the control of congenital Chagas disease $1,471,274
  • 2023 A Highly Sensitive and Specific Serological Rapid Diagnostic Test to Support WHO’s Schistosomiasis Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) Programs. $557,127
  • 2023 Supporting WHO Onchocerciasis Elimination Programs: Progressing a Highly Sensitive and Ultra-specific Rapid Diagnostic Test to Commercialization Readiness $668,705
  • 2024 A First-in-class, Fully TPP-compliant Rapid Diagnostic Test for Trachoma Surveillance: Delivering the Missing Piece in WHO’s Worldwide Trachoma Elimination Efforts $2,889,588
  • 2024 Design of a universal Rapid Diagnostic Test for the detection of chronic Trypanosoma cruzi infections. $699,899
  • 2014 Development of a sensitive and specific point-of-care diagnostics for Asian zoonotic schistosomiasis $779,0362014 Development of a sensitive and specific point-of-care diagnostics for Asian zoonotic schistosomiasis $779,036
  • 2017 Novel diagnostics for schistosomiasis control: development of defined antigens for detection of Schistosoma infection-specific antibodies in blood and urine $763,8902017 Novel diagnostics for schistosomiasis control: development of defined antigens for detection of Schistosoma infection-specific antibodies in blood and urine $763,890
  • 2019 MycEXomics aims to develop a field-friendly point-of-care diagnostic test for mycetoma $285,9382019 MycEXomics aims to develop a field-friendly point-of-care diagnostic test for mycetoma $285,938
  • 2019 Production, validation and use of Leishmanin skin test (LST) for detection of Leishmania exposure and immunity $2,257,7002019 Production, validation and use of Leishmanin skin test (LST) for detection of Leishmania exposure and immunity $2,257,700
  • 2020 A schistosomiasis rapid diagnostic test to support control programmes in monitoring treatment impact and reassessment mapping $3,733,9742020 A schistosomiasis rapid diagnostic test to support control programmes in monitoring treatment impact and reassessment mapping $3,733,974
  • 2020 Development of ‘all-in-one’ diagnostic kit for Buruli ulcer using lateral flow DNA-chromatography $895,5842020 Development of ‘all-in-one’ diagnostic kit for Buruli ulcer using lateral flow DNA-chromatography $895,584
  • 2020 A Buruli ulcer mycolactone (BU-MYCOLAC) rapid diagnostic test to enhance early diagnosis and treatment $1,836,1082020 A Buruli ulcer mycolactone (BU-MYCOLAC) rapid diagnostic test to enhance early diagnosis and treatment $1,836,108
  • 2020 Field validation of Trypanosoma cruzi-LAMP: a molecular point-of-care test for the control of congenital Chagas disease $1,471,2742020 Field validation of Trypanosoma cruzi-LAMP: a molecular point-of-care test for the control of congenital Chagas disease $1,471,274
  • 2023 A Highly Sensitive and Specific Serological Rapid Diagnostic Test to Support WHO’s Schistosomiasis Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) Programs. $557,1272023 A Highly Sensitive and Specific Serological Rapid Diagnostic Test to Support WHO’s Schistosomiasis Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) Programs. $557,127
  • 2023 Supporting WHO Onchocerciasis Elimination Programs: Progressing a Highly Sensitive and Ultra-specific Rapid Diagnostic Test to Commercialization Readiness $668,7052023 Supporting WHO Onchocerciasis Elimination Programs: Progressing a Highly Sensitive and Ultra-specific Rapid Diagnostic Test to Commercialization Readiness $668,705
  • 2024 A First-in-class, Fully TPP-compliant Rapid Diagnostic Test for Trachoma Surveillance: Delivering the Missing Piece in WHO’s Worldwide Trachoma Elimination Efforts $2,889,5882024 A First-in-class, Fully TPP-compliant Rapid Diagnostic Test for Trachoma Surveillance: Delivering the Missing Piece in WHO’s Worldwide Trachoma Elimination Efforts $2,889,588
  • 2024 Design of a universal Rapid Diagnostic Test for the detection of chronic Trypanosoma cruzi infections. $699,8992024 Design of a universal Rapid Diagnostic Test for the detection of chronic Trypanosoma cruzi infections. $699,899

*Disclaimer: The awarded amount refers to the conditional investment figure agreed at the initiation of each project.
NTDs category includes some other diseases such as emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases.